In response to the devastating consequences of the Termination and Relocation policies, the latter half of the 20th century saw a shift in U.S. government policy towards Native American tribes, emphasizing self-determination and the reassertion of tribal sovereignty. This change in policy has facilitated a resurgence of tribal authority and governance, as well as efforts to address the historical and ongoing challenges faced by indigenous communities. The following report examines the key developments in the reassertion of tribal sovereignty and their implications for the relationship between the United States government and Native American tribes.

​

Policy Shift Towards Self-Determination

​

The shift in U.S. government policy towards self-determination for Native American tribes began in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as the detrimental impacts of the Termination and Relocation policies became increasingly apparent. The cornerstone of this policy shift was the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, which aimed to provide tribes with greater control over their affairs and the delivery of federal services.

The policy of self-determination has led to several key developments in the reassertion of tribal sovereignty:

​

Restoration of federal recognition: Many tribes that were terminated during the Termination policy have sought to regain their federal recognition, which is essential for the restoration of tribal sovereignty. The process of restoration has been complex and lengthy, but it has enabled several tribes to reestablish their government-to-government relationship with the United States.

​

Greater control over tribal affairs: The policy of self-determination has provided tribes with increased control over their affairs, including governance, economic development, education, and healthcare. This has facilitated a resurgence of tribal authority and the rebuilding of tribal institutions.

​

Strengthening of tribal economies: The reassertion of tribal sovereignty has provided tribes with greater opportunities to develop their economies and resources, leading to the growth of tribal enterprises in various sectors such as gaming, tourism, and natural resource management.

​

Ongoing Challenges and the Path Forward

​

While the reassertion of tribal sovereignty has led to significant progress in restoring tribal authority and self-determination, ongoing challenges remain:

​

Jurisdictional conflicts: Conflicts over jurisdiction and authority between tribal, state, and federal governments persist, complicating the ability of tribes to exercise their sovereignty and manage their own affairs.

​

Economic disparities: Despite the strengthening of tribal economies, many Native American communities continue to face significant economic disparities, including high rates of poverty and unemployment.

​

Protection of cultural and environmental resources: Indigenous communities face ongoing threats to their cultural heritage and the environment due to encroachment by non-Native interests and the prioritization of resource extraction over tribal rights.

​

To address these challenges and support the continued reassertion of tribal sovereignty, it is essential for the U.S. government to honor its treaty obligations, respect tribal sovereignty, and invest in the well-being and self-determination of indigenous communities. This includes providing adequate funding and support for essential services, collaborating with tribal nations on the management of trust resources, and engaging in meaningful consultation and partnership to address shared challenges.

​

In conclusion, the reassertion of tribal sovereignty has been a crucial development in the relationship between the United States government and Native American tribes, facilitating a resurgence of tribal authority and self-determination. However, ongoing challenges remain that require concerted efforts from all stakeholders to address. By acknowledging the importance of tribal sovereignty and working together to support the continued progress of Native American communities, we can foster a more equitable and just relationship that respects the rights, culture, and self-determination of indigenous peoples.